How the legacy full service airlines have responded to rising LCC competition

The established, full service airlines have been faced with a combination of potentially crippling circumstances over the past decade, the growth of LCCs being just one of them. International markets - upon which full service airlines typically relied, often with protective entry barriers to others - have suffered repeated shocks by way of financial reversals, pandemics, high fuel prices, and terrorism scares, as well as by liberalisation.