Hong Kong aviation traffic increases in early 2022, but there’s a long recovery in prospect
Two years after the coronavirus pandemic was called by the WHO, some countries now treat it - rightly or wrongly - as no more than a minor inconvenience.
Not so in certain parts of Asia Pacific, including the outlier China, which is once again locking down its citizens in Shanghai.
The 'Special Administrative Region' next door, Hong Kong, is undergoing its own crisis too; its fifth wave nonetheless, one that is infecting more people than ever before, and to world record proportions.
Even so, passenger traffic increased strongly in Hong Kong in Feb-2022 and there are hopes that this recovery can be sustained, perhaps by reducing the stiff measures imposed on visitors.
Whether or not that happens, Hong Kong needs to get a move-on with restoring its economy as best it can, because rivals like Singapore are well placed to take advantage of any lingering weaknesses.
- Hong Kong International Airport (HKIA) experienced an 80.2% year-on-year increase in passenger traffic in February 2022, despite the city's high COVID-19 infection rates.
- The recent spike in COVID-19 cases in Hong Kong is the highest ever recorded in one city, with the fifth wave infecting more people than before.
- The increase in passenger traffic at HKIA is mainly from and to China, but the overall infection statistics do not support hopes for sustained travel.
- Hong Kong Chief Executive Carrie Lam has suggested shortening quarantine for overseas arrivals, indicating a willingness to reduce travel restrictions.
- While passenger capacity at HKIA is slowly increasing, the route count remains low, limiting international connectivity.
- Cargo capacity at HKIA is also recovering, with an increase in throughput in March and April 2022, but it still needs to regain lost ground as the world's busiest cargo airport.
Summary
- Hong Kong Airport's passenger traffic has increased notably in Jan-2022 to Feb-2022, and mainly in the latter month.
- That is despite sky-high coronavirus infection rates - the highest ever recorded in one city.
- While most of the increase has been from and to China, which has its own severe outbreaks to contend with, the infection statistics do not encourage hopes for sustained travel.
- Restrictions could soon be eased on incoming travel - the conclusion seeming to be that it can't make matters any worse than they are.
- Capacity is increasing but the route count remains worryingly low.
- Cargo capacity is also increasing again.
- Singapore could steal a march on Hong Kong commercially if the latter cannot up its game economically, and soon.
Passenger volume increase of 80% recorded in Feb-2022, but movements and freight down
Airport Authority Hong Kong (AAHK) announced that Hong Kong International Airport (HKIA) had handled 86,000 passengers in Feb-2022, which is a year-on-year increase of 80.2%, but passenger volume continued to remain significantly lower than the pre-pandemic level recorded in 2019.
In Feb-2022 cargo volume and flight movements recorded 272,000 tonnes and 8,330, respectively, representing decreases of 12.2% and 1.9% compared to the same month in 2021.
Recent spike in COVID cases the highest rate recorded anywhere, ever
Hong Kong has recorded 5,000 COVID-19 deaths and over one million cases among its population of 7.5 million.
Reported new cases are actually coming down as this is written: from a high of more than 75,000 a day at the beginning of Mar-2021 to 14,000 on 20-Mar-2022; but as the chart below shows, there has been a distinct spike since mid-Feb-2022, the fifth wave and the worst outbreak the 'Special Administrative Region' has suffered.
Hong Kong: COVID-19 cases and seven-day average, Apr-2021 to Mar-2022
This infection rate has outpaced other cities around the world. At its height there were almost 900 confirmed infections per 100,000 Hong Kong citizens in early Mar-2022 and the daily death toll, over 200, was as high as the total number before this outbreak.
The all-time high for the coronavirus pandemic was previously held in Jan-2022 by New York City, with 500 cases per 100,000 residents.
One factor behind this high rate is the high density of population within crowded apartment blocks, a common factor elsewhere of course, but Hong Kong is the fourth most densely populated country or territory in the world.
The infection rate has prompted the healthcare system to crumple under its weight, with the "elderly and unvaccinated" most badly affected, according to local reports. Another factor may be alleged inefficiencies of one of the two vaccines in use.
Mirrors the position with China and it won't encourage travel between the two, even though traffic was up in Feb-2022
There is bound to be a spin-off effect in China, itself suffering from its own Omicron outbreaks, which have 'locked down' 30 million of its citizens.
China is obsessed with achieving a Zero-COVID count on a city-by-city basis, which it actually did in 2021 for a while. Accordingly, it is unlikely to encourage travel from Hong Kong once the significance of the Hong Kong outbreak becomes clear - to put it mildly.
So far, the SAR has not been adversely affected by mainland Chinese concerns. Departure passengers from the Chek Lap Kok airport to mainland China and Southeast Asia experienced the most significant increases during Feb-2022, but transfer/transit passenger volume did underperform owing to the tightened restrictions.
On a 12-month rolling basis, passenger and cargo volume increased by 2.6% and 8.5%, to 1.4 million and 5.0 million tonnes, respectively. Flight movements rose by 12.4%, to 145,285.
The chart below is the CAPA chart for passenger numbers from 2015 to 2022. There was steady growth in all years 2015 to 2018, after which there was small decline in 2019 (-4.2%).
Hong Kong International Airport: passenger numbers/growth, 2015-2022
Only 1.3 million passengers in 2021
But both 2020 and 2021 were disastrous, with reductions of -87.7% and -84.7% respectively, down to a pitiful 1,350,000 passengers in 2021, which is even worse than the total recorded by Seoul's Incheon Airport (another Asian facility to have taken a huge hit from the pandemic).
So the big gain in Jan-2022 and Feb-2022 (collectively +32%, and the bigger share of the increase in February) should offer some solace at least.
Tourism arrivals on the up overall, but most markets are down
There was more good news from the Hong Kong Tourism Board, which reported an increase in tourism arrivals for Jan-2022 that amounted to a +61.7% gain year-on-year, even if it was only to a total of 7064.
The worrying aspect of the Tourism Board's report, though, is that the increase was mainly from Mainland China (5792, +101.3%), with short haul markets generally experiencing a reduction of 13.1%, long haul markets by 33.8%, and 'new markets' by 60.2%.
In other words, the increase in tourism is being generated solely by China. How long can that last?
Hong Kong's Leader prepared to take a chance on reducing travel restrictions on arriving passengers
It is perhaps for those reasons that Hong Kong Chief Executive Carrie Lam said recently that there are strong grounds to shorten quarantine for overseas arrivals, and during the week of 21-Mar-2022 the government will announce the latest anti-epidemic measures to last until 20-Apr-2022.
Ms Lam said that the government would make sure the controls will be a balance of public health and the economy and citizens' level of tolerance. Hong Kong currently bans arrivals from nine countries, including Australia, Canada, France, India, Pakistan, the Philippines, the UK, and the US, effective until 20-Apr-2022.
It's as if Ms Lam was saying, 'We have so much infection here anyway that allowing foreigners (presumably who are vaccinated) in and letting them mix sooner won't really make that much difference'.
Many European countries chose that option in Jan-2022. Most have 'got away with it', so far, but in some cases only marginally so.
Capacity 'flatline' has suddenly been revived as weekly seat total tops the table for the past two years
And the chart of seat capacity, below, does seem to suggest that.
During 2020 (the beginning of April) and 2021 there was a worrying uniformity of seat capacity, or more accurately - the lack of it. The capacity 'flatline' extended throughout both those years and into Jan-2022 and Feb-2022, but has finally begun to rise, albeit very slowly, and despite the continued onslaught of the pandemic in Hong Kong.
In fact, with 184,000 seats on offer in the week commencing 28-Mar-2022 that is the highest total for exactly two years, to the precise week.
Hong Kong International Airport: weekly total system seats capacity, 2019-2022* (projected)
The total number of seats projected so far for the whole of 2022, 18.9 million, is two million more than was actually achieved in the whole of 2020.
Of course, there is still plenty of the year left in which that could change in either direction.
Cathay Pacific still the largest airline, despite its problems…
Despite its many problems, Cathay Pacific is still the largest airline by seat capacity at Hong Kong, with 36.3%.
See the related CAPA article: Headaches increase for Cathay Pacific despite welcome half-year profit
China Airlines is second, with 12.9%. Between them, Singapore Airlines and its low cost arm Scoot account for just less than 10%.
Hong Kong International Airport: system seats for all business models, week commencing 21-Mar-2022
…but the route count remains worryingly low
On account of restrictions either in Hong Kong or elsewhere, currently passenger capacity is available only to Asia (Northeast, Southeast and South) and the Middle East.
Almost 70% of capacity is on flights of four hours or less.
Hong Kong International Airport: international departing seats by region, week commencing 21-Mar-2022
Far greater capacity at Singapore, and utilisation
That does not compare well with Singapore, which vies with Hong Kong for the title of Asia Pacific's leading financial centre, having already leapfrogged it in fifth position globally during the 2019 riots in Hong Kong.
Singapore is currently connected to nine continental regions - not four.
One benefit that Hong Kong retains is that although its seat capacity is still very low, it is well spread among the three main airline alliances, and two localised ones, with only 13% of seats 'unaligned', which is almost identical to the ratio at Singapore (week commencing 21-Mar-2022).
Utilisation of the airport, as measured by seat capacity during hourly blocks, varies considerably from day to day and can best be described as 'patchy'.
The chart below is for Monday 21-Mar-2022, the lightest day for utilisation in the week commencing on that day. It reveals no utilisation at all for one third of the day - eight hours.
Hong Kong International Airport: whole system (there are no domestic) seats per hour for 21-Mar-2022
Again comparing Singapore, every hour block of every day in week commencing 21-Mar-2022 is occupied by arriving and/or departing aircraft.
Cargo capacity also coming back
Turning to cargo, throughput declined as a result of flight reductions following the emergence of the Omicron variant of COVID-19.
Exports and transhipments were affected most significantly, declining by double digits compared to same month in 2021. Overall cargo to and from North America experienced the most significant decrease during the month of Feb-2022.
That said, capacity is once again showing signs of increasing in Mar-2022 and Apr-2022. It is especially important for Hong Kong that it regains lost ground in cargo, having been the world's busiest cargo airport in 2019 and second in 2020 to Memphis, which mainly handles parcels.
The 2021 volume reduction was only -3.7%, following a fall of -37.9% in 2020.
So far in 2022 capacity stands at 79% of that for the whole of 2021, which is an encouraging statistic.
Hong Kong International Airport: annual system cargo payload (kg) capacity/growth, 2012-2022
Well overdue for Hong Kong authorities to take a calculated risk
Hong Kong's airport has languished in the plague wilderness for too long and is at a tipping point.
With coronavirus cases rising it is a bold decision to relax entry rules, but it may be the only way to sustain any sort of recovery this year as mainland China once again slams down the shutters.