Low-cost airlines capture over 20% of South Korean market for first time; domestic nearly 50%
Korean LCCs are increasing their market share, accounting for 10% of the international market and just under 50% in the much smaller domestic arena. But they are still passing up numerous opportunities, and these are becoming more apparent and with greater impact as LCCs increase in North Asia, notably Japan.
Two - Air Busan and Jin Air - are tethered to their full-service parents while independent Jeju Air has done comparatively well and preparing for an IPO to advance growth. But smaller independent LCCs Eastar Jet and t'way are still moving up. They straddle the low-cost and full-service spectrum, being closer to low fare than low-cost airlines. While they argue the Korean market is not ready for LCCs, they know they must move as international competition intensifies. They only need to look at Japan's Peach, which is finding success in another market once thought to be too sensitive for LCCs. AirAsia Japan's failure is a reminder that finding the nuances and achieving balance between management style, market demand and the balance sheet is not easy.
- Korean LCCs have a significant market share in the domestic market, accounting for 47.8% in 1H2013.
- Jeju Air is the leading LCC in the international market, with nearly twice as much capacity as the next largest LCC, Air Busan.
- Korean LCCs have a strong presence on routes to Bangkok, Japan, Cebu, Guam, and Hong Kong.
- Korean LCCs have a small market share on international routes compared to LCCs in other countries like Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand.
- Korean LCCs face challenges in competing with full-service carriers on trunk routes, such as Seoul Incheon-Tokyo and Seoul-Guam.
- Korean LCCs have a dominant market share on domestic routes to Jeju, but face competition from high-speed rail and reduced capacity from full-service carriers.
(see also: Countdown to Seoul - CAPA LCCs and New Age Airlines in North Asia summit just 3 weeks away)
Korean LCCs have twice as much international capacity as foreign LCCs
South Korea is home to five low-cost carriers: Asiana's partially-owned Air Busan, Korean Air's wholly-owned Jin Air, and independent LCCs Eastar Jet, Jeju Air and t'way. In Jul-2013 the clear leader is Jeju Air, with nearly twice as much international capacity as the next largest LCC, Air Busan.
South Korea international LCCs ranked on seat capacity: 22-Jul-2013 to 28-Jul-2013
Source: CAPA - Centre for Aviation & Innovata
Four of Korea's five LCCs take top rank for international LCC capacity.
t'way has less international capacity than Cebu Pacific and AirAsia X. Looking at international capacity from all carriers, only Jeju Air makes the ranking of top nine carriers.
South Korea international airlines ranked on seat capacity: 22-Jul-2013 to 28-Jul-2013
Source: CAPA - Centre for Aviation & Innovata
Throughout 1H2013 only six foreign LCCs served Korea with scheduled capacity, according to OAG: AirAsia Japan, AirAsia X, Cebu Pacific, Peach, Scoot and Zest Air.
According to Korea's Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs, international LCCs comprised 9.2% of Korea's international market in 1H2013, up 2.5ppts. While the data did not give a breakdown between foreign and local carriers, Korean carriers accounted for two-thirds and foreign carriers one-third, according to OAG.
In a regional comparison, LCCs in the Philippines account for 30% of international capacity, of which Filipino LCCs account for 74%.
LCCs in Singapore also have a 30% share of the market, of which Singaporean LCCs have a 53% share. In Thailand LCCs account for 19% of international capacity, of which Thai LCCs account for 37%.
Foreign LCCs are growing, especially from Japan - and soon Thai AirAsia X?
Those are developed LCC markets whereas Korea is still growing. Its LCCs have been relatively timid, which could see them lose market share in the future. Their international presence has ramped up in recent times, with Peach and Scoot having launched just over a year ago. AirAsia X, which initially served Seoul Incheon from Kuala Lumpur, in Jul-2013 added a Kuala Lumpur-Busan service.
In Sep-2013 Peach will add an Osaka Kansai-Busan daily service. Peach could add Kansai-Busan services as well as more flights from other Japanese cities. Jetstar Japan is still serving only the domestic market but has flagged that Korea will be a large part of its international network which has been delayed. Additionally, Seoul could see a link from AirAsia X's forthcoming Bangkok base.
See related reports:
- Jetstar Japan launches domestic routes and to target international markets from 1H2013
- AirAsia X selection of Bangkok as second base increases pressure on Thai Airways
Hong Kong Express had limited capacity in 1H2013 according to OAG. Hong Kong Express later in 2013 will be transformed into a LCC. If Hong Kong Express returns to Korea, its capacity will be counted as LCC. Additionally, its adoption of the LCC model could see it more sustainably serve the Korean market, leading to higher capacity.
Korea had prohibited new Filipino carriers from serving Korea while the Philippines did not pass its ICAO audit. Now that the Philippines has passed the audit, carriers like AirAsia Philippines could enter. This could prove problematic as the Korea-Philippines market already experiences over-capacity during certain times of the year.
See related reports:
- Hong Kong Airlines embarks on dual-brand strategy with Hong Kong Express to become LCC
- Cebu Pacific sees bright outlook for 2013 as rationality returns to Philippines market
Top Korean LCC destinations: Bangkok, Japan, Cebu, Guam and Hong Kong
Korean LCCs increased their share of the international market in 1H2013 by 2.5ppts to 9.3%, according to government data. Korean carriers are strongest on routes to Bangkok, Japan, Cebu, Guam and Hong Kong.
International routes where Korean LCCs have the highest market share: 1H2013
- Incheon-Bangkok: 19.7%, -2.1 ppts;
- Incheon-Osaka: 15.6%, +0.1 ppt;
- Incheon-Fukuoka: 17.6%, -1.3 ppts;
- Incheon-Guam: 53.2%, +17.4 ppts;
- Gimhae-Fukuoka: 52.5%, +26.6 ppts;
- Incheon-Cebu: 18.9%, +12.8 ppts;
- Gimhae-Osaka: 28.5%, +1.5 ppts;
- Incheon-Hong Kong: 5.8%, -2.6 ppts.
Bangkok is a popular tourist destination, but from the Thai side only Thai Airways and Business Air have capacity. Thai AirAsia is Thailand's only scheduled international LCC (Nok has unscheduled international services) but prefers to keep its flights under four hours; Bangkok-Seoul is about 5.5 hours. Korean LCCs have not imposed a perimeter shorter than the natural range of their all-narrowbody aircraft. Despite this advantage to Korean LCCs, they comprise about 20% of the market, their fourth strongest by market share.
Market share between Seoul and Bangkok could decrease with AirAsia X's entry, which would also pressure Korean LCCs as their cost base is higher and they are not as efficient, even without considering AirAsia X only operates widebodies, which reduce unit costs.
Seoul Incheon International Airport to Bangkok (seats per week, one way): 19-Sep-2011 to 12-Jan-2014
Source: CAPA - Centre for Aviation & Innovata
The Seoul Incheon-Osaka route is Korean LCCs' third largest market share at 15.6%.
Eastar Jet and Jeju Air operate on this segment. In Jul-2013 their combined share is about 19%, and are surpassed by Peach, which accounts for 24% by itself.
Seoul Incheon International Airport to Osaka (seats per week, one way): 19-Sep-2011 to 12-Jan-2014
Source: CAPA - Centre for Aviation & Innovata
Of the other Japanese destinations Korean LCCs have achieved notable market share - including over 50% from Busan to Fukuoka, admittedly a smaller route - none are yet served by Japanese LCCs. The route from Seoul Incheon to Fukuoka, a major tourist area, is the market where Korean LCCs have amassed their sixth largest market share.
Japanese LCCs serve Fukuoka but for now only as a domestic destination. There is a strong chance that if they opened international routes from a new Japanese base, Korea would be a primary destination. Korea is Japan's single largest destination of international seats.
Japan international seat capacity by country: 22-Jul-2013 to 28-Jul-2013
Source: CAPA - Centre for Aviation & Innovata
The main trunk routes are mostly kept free of the full service carriers' subsidiaries
Given the roles of Korea and Japan's four major airlines in owning part or all of the main national LCCs, it is unsurprising that they are not keen to see LCC competition on their plum inter-capital cities.
Thus, not featured on the government's ranking is Seoul Incheon-Tokyo service. Until Jeju Air's entry in Jul-2013, Eastar Jet was the only Korean LCC to serve the market, which it did with about a 4% market share. Jeju Air's entry should give Korean LCCs a total 13.5% market share, more than AirAsia Japan's 8%.
AirAsia Japan is the sole Japanese LCC to serve Seoul-Tokyo. Air Busan and Jin Air are noticeably absent from the Seoul-Tokyo market. This is largely due to their parent airlines being cautious about cannibalisation of their traffic. This may change if other LCCs enter the market.
Seoul Incheon International Airport to Tokyo (seats per week, one way): 19-Sep-2011 to 12-Jan-2014
Source: CAPA - Centre for Aviation & Innovata
Seoul-Guam is another example of Korean LCCs not meeting their potential. Only three carriers, all Korean, operate the route: Korean Air and its Jin Air subsidiary, and Jeju Air, effectively making it a duopoly route.
Korean Air holds just under half of capacity while Jin Air and Jeju Air broadly split capacity, except during peak periods when Jeju Air ramps up capacity while Jin Air does not, likely in deference to its full-service parent. During peak periods, Jeju Air takes 28% of capacity while Jin Air only takes 17%, according to Innovata data.
There is unlikely to be major movement in this market, with the exception perhaps of other Korean LCCs entering, subject to government approval. There is a tidy arrangement with flag carrier Korean Air and Jin Air having access to Guam but not Saipan, a lesser beach market from Korea.
However, Asiana, Korea's smaller carrier, serves Saipan while Korean Air and Jin Air do not. Asiana's LCC subsidiary Air Busan does not serve Guam or Saipan.
Seoul Incheon International Airport to Guam Antonio B Won Pat International Airport (seats per week, one way): 19-Sep-2011 to 12-Jan-2014
Source: CAPA - Centre for Aviation & Innovata
The curtailing of subsidiary LCCs is on show also in the Incheon-Cebu market, of which Korean LCCs captured about 20%, making it their fifth largest by market share. Jeju Air has about twice the capacity of Jin Air but Jin Air does increase capacity to almost the level of Jeju Air in limited peak seasons. Jin Air should theoretically, with the backing of the mighty parent Korean Air, be able to do better than Jeju Air, but once again it is on a leash. Cebu Pacific has about the level of capacity as Jeju Air. The presence of Asiana as well as larger capacity from Korean Air dilute the LCCs' market share.
Even though Cebu is as leisure-oriented as Guam, Asiana and Korean Air likely make more of an effort as Cebu is better known internationally than Guam. This allows sixth freedom traffic whereas Guam is primarily a Korean and Japanese destination. There is very little cooperation between Air Busan/Jin Air and their respective parents Asiana/Korean Air. As noted above, the Korean share of the market will likely decrease as Filipino carriers make further inroads.
Seoul Incheon International Airport to Mactan Cebu International Airport (seats per week, one way): 19-Sep-2011 to 12-Jan-2014
Source: CAPA - Centre for Aviation & Innovata
Korean LCCs have a tiny share of the Seoul-Hong Kong market, reflective of the large full-service capacity and lower competition: from the Hong Kong side there is only Cathay Pacific. The market is un-stimulated with fares attracting a yield premium. No doubt LCCs could make inroads but so far only independent Jeju Air has made gains in the market. There are other independent Korean LCCs, but they have not seen nearly as much success as Jeju Air. Jin Air once again has less capacity than Jeju Air.
Later in 2013 Jin Air plans to increase Hong Kong capacity, but only by bringing it five weekly flights; Jeju is daily. A recent open skies agreement between Hong Kong and Korea clears any regulatory hurdles, but Hong Kong slots are now becoming difficult to obtain. Growth is most likely from the emerging Hong Kong low-cost scene.
Seoul Incheon International Airport to Hong Kong International Airport (seats per week, one way): 19-Sep-2011 to 12-Jan-2014
Source: CAPA - Centre for Aviation & Innovata
Korean LCCs account for nearly half of the domestic market
According to Korean government data, Korean LCCs accounted for 47.8% of the domestic market in 1H2013, up 4.7ppts. But this is a relatively small amount of capacity. Domestic seats comprise about one quarter of the Korean market. The Korean domestic market is small, a result of the high-speed KTX train efficiently linking most parts of the country. Unlike Japan, high-speed rail is also affordable, and Asiana and Korean Air have reduced capacity and fares.
The largest domestic routes are almost exclusively to Jeju, a tourist getaway on an island not served by KTX. Domestic routes are ideal for LCCs as they are heavily leisure and Korea's small geography means full-service carrier comforts are not in great supply. Reflecting Jeju's strength, there are more domestic seats to/from Jeju than any other city in Korea, including Seoul.
South Korea top ten domestic arrivals by seat capacity: 22-Jul-2013 to 28-Jul-2013
Source: CAPA - Centre for Aviation & Innovata
Korean LCCs have amassed a 50% market share or greater on four routes, three to Jeju. The government's ranking of the six routes LCCs perform best on includes only one non-Jeju service, Seoul Gimpo to Busan.
International routes where Korean LCCs have the highest market share: 1H2013
- Gimpo-Jeju: 59.3%, +3.3 ppts;
- Gimhae-Jeju: 72.7%, +7.6 ppts;
- Gimpo-Gimhae: 50%, +7.4 ppts;
- Cheongju-Jeju: 42.9%, +5.4 ppts;
- Gunsan-Jeju: 51.7%, -0.5 ppt;
- Incheon-Jeju: 15.7%, +14 ppts;
There are 20 domestic routes in Jul-2013 according to Innovata. LCCs have a large market share on many of the top routes, including the link from Seoul to Korea's second main city, Busan. Seoul-Busan is a trunk route and considered the most corporate route given business ties between the cities and the need to access Seoul from Busan for international services.
Asiana has elected to serve the market by deploying Air Busan, hence the notable LCC capacity. Air Busan loses money because of competition with KTX, but loses less than if Asiana were still on the market. Asiana codeshares on Air Busan. Korean Air, however, maintains its own capacity. Jin Air does not serve Seoul-Busan.
South Korea domestic routes ranked on seat capacity: 22-Jul-2013 to 28-Jul-2013
Overall Korean LCCs in 1H2013 accounted for just under 50% of the market. In comparison LCCs account for 53% percent of the Malaysian market, 86% in the Philippines and 57% in Thailand, according to Innovata.
At current growth levels, Korea's LCCs should break the 50% market share barrier in a year. This stronghold is commendable but the real pot of gold in Korea is in its international market, and here the LCCs' performance is still wanting.
Outlook: Korean LCCs could be capable of much more
Profits have come and gone at the LCCs over the years, but Jin Air and Jeju Air have been doing well. They are joined by t'way, which for a while was on the brink of collapse but in Jul-2013 reported a 1H2013 profit or KRW2200 million (USD2 million) on sales of KRW81,000 million (USD73.6 million), giving a modest 2.7% operating margin - but much better than 2012's KRW8200 million (USD7.5 million) loss.
There is no doubting the potential for Korean LCCs, which theoretically should be able to have a strong cost base advantage to Japanese LCCs owing to lower costs in Korea. And although the yen is depreciating, Korea is still a more affordable destination.
These are the right ingredients for LCC growth. Jeju Air has shown success, but it admits there is still much to be done, both in terms of growth and business models. Korean LCCs are straddling the low-cost and full-service spectrum, offering frills and not being as efficient as peers. This weakens demand potential as well as competitive ability.
There are positive steps to be found in Jeju Air being mindful of excess baggage charges and looking for other ancillary revenue opportunities. Jin Air is also charging for snacks now, but doing so almost at cost, suggesting it would rather not offend than make money. This could be seen as stereotypical of service and face-oriented Korea. But there is a balance to be found between this and the ruthlessness of some LCCs.
At the Korean LCCs that are subservient to their parent companies, the tight leash needs to be relaxed. As Japanese LCCs and independent Korean LCCs ramp up Seoul-Tokyo services, the temptation to enter will be greater for Air Busan and Jin Air. Their respective owners Asiana and Korean Air are still finding their way with a complementary dual-brand strategy.
They have the brands and strength to achieve synergy and maximise profits. For now, there is a high degree of isolation between the full-service carriers and LCCs. This is opportunistic for the independent LCCs, notably Jeju, which is preparing for an IPO to fund future growth. But the Korean market is by no means close to maturing. The race is still on for whoever chooses to take the lead.
See related reports:
- Jeju Air, under new management, looks for partners and considers IPO as it weighs LCC transition
- Foreign LCCs line up for JVs in South Korea as aviation market changes
- Korea's Jeju Air signals it must change from hybrid to pure LCC model as it seeks partnerships
LCC and New Age Airlines in North Asia Summit: 4/5 September in Seoul
The CEOs of four Korean LCCs - Ken Choi, CEO, Jeju Air; Won Ma, CEO, Jin Air; Chul-Ho Hahm, CEO, t'way; Park Soojeon, CEO, Eastar Jet - will participate at CAPA's second annual LCCs and New Age Airlines in North Asia Summit to be held in Seoul, 4/5 September. It is proudly hosted by Incheon International Airport Corporation and supported by Travelport, SITA, Sabre and Bombardier. Click here for full details.