24-May-2013 10:07 AM

British Airways: the parental favourite gets new toys, but still has homework to do

Analysis

If airline groups can be thought of as families, then profitable British Airways is the strait-laced older sister of the petulant, unreliable and loss-making Iberia. BA has learnt from its hedonistic, free-spending youth and matured into the sensible, trustworthy one. Parents are not meant to have favourites, but it is clear that IAG looks on BA with a glint in the parental eye, while Iberia is constantly being scolded. IAG refuses to buy its irresponsible Spanish child any new toys until it mends its ways, while it now trusts her British sister with shiny new 787s and A350s.

Nevertheless, BA should not allow itself to feel too smug. It remains much more dependent on a single hub (Heathrow) and on a single intercontinental market (North America), but less connected to domestic and European markets than its peers. Moreover, cost benchmarking points to the need for a reduction in CASK, which it has not managed since before the merger. As any parent knows, it is not just the children that are most visibly struggling that need attention.

Summary

British Airways (BA) has experienced a period of growth under IAG ownership, in contrast to its sister carrier Iberia, which has seen capacity cuts.
BA's decline in passenger numbers from 2000 to 2001 was primarily due to falling numbers on short/medium-haul routes.
BA's biggest region by available seat kilometers (ASKs) is the Americas, followed by UK/Europe and Asia-Pacific.
BA has a smaller share of the aviation market in the UK compared to Lufthansa in Germany and Air France in France.
BA is the most intercontinental-focused of the major European flag carriers, with a lower proportion of seats on domestic/European routes.
BA is highly dependent on its Heathrow hub, with Gatwick accounting for a smaller share of its seats.

BA has returned to growth under IAG

In contrast to its sister carrier Iberia, British Airways has enjoyed a period of growth under IAG ownership after many years of decline. From 2001 to 2010, BA's annual passenger numbers fell from 39 million to just short of 31 million. Numbers have risen in each of the post merger years, reaching almost 38 million in 2012, while Iberia's capacity has been cut.

British Airways rolling 12 month passenger numbers (000): Dec-2001 to Dec-2010

IAG passenger numbers (000): 2010 to 2012

Within the context of an overall capacity cut for IAG in 2013, the group plans to increase BA's capacity, in ASK terms, by almost 3%. This would take its share of IAG's total ASK capacity from 69% in 2010, the year before the merger, to 76% in 2013 (excluding Vueling).

IAG capacity by ASK (million): 2010 to 2013

BA's decline from 2000 to 2001 was short-haul led

Historical BA traffic figures that show passengers by region up until 2010, demonstrate that the decline in passenger numbers during the 2000s was almost entirely due to falling numbers on short/medium-haul routes, although this remains its most important region in passenger numbers. In UK/Europe, its passenger numbers fell from 27.6 million in 2001 to 18.4 million in 2010, while the Americas saw an increase from 6.8 to 7.3 million. Asia-Pacific also saw a decline, from 1.8 million to 1.4 million, while Africa and Middle East saw growth from 2.8 million to 3.5 million.

BA's decline on short/medium-haul routes was accompanied by the disposal or closure of a number of subsidiary companies in this segment, including Deutsche BA, BA Citi Express and BA Connect. BA also ceased franchise operations with franchisees BMED and GB Airways. It seemed that low-cost competition was persuading it to abandon all but hub feeder routes and a few niche point-to-point routes between key business destinations. Its own experiment with setting up an LCC, Go, ended in a management buy out and subsequent sale to easyJet (the latter also eventually bought BA franchisee GB Airways).

British Airways rolling 12 month passenger numbers (000) by region: Dec-2001 to Dec-2010

BA's biggest region by ASKs is Americas

In ASK terms, the Americas region (mainly North America) has remained BA's most important region, while UK/Europe and Asia-Pacific have declined in importance. By 2007, UK/Europe had slipped to third place among BA's regions ranked by ASKs, behind Africa and Middle East.

British Airways rolling 12 month ASK (million) by region: Dec-2001 to Dec-2010

Share of UK airport passengers has picked up again

As a result of BA's falling passenger numbers through the 2000s, its share of scheduled passenger numbers at UK airports fell from 21% in 2001 to 16% in 2010, before its resurgence under IAG saw its share climb to 17% in 2011 and, helped by the bmi acquisition, to 18% in 2012. BA no longer separately reports its regional traffic data, so it is not possible to determine which regions have driven this resurgence (although OAG data suggest that BA has been growing again in Europe, even before the bmi acquisition after heavy cuts in the 2009-2010 period; and that is has grown capacity on North America).

British Airways group share of UK airport terminal scheduled passengers: 2002 to 2012

BA less dominant in UK than Air France in France and Lufthansa in Germany

A comparison with the other two major European legacy flag carriers shows that BA has a much smaller share of the aviation market in the UK than either of Lufthansa or Air France in their home country markets. Using Innovata data for the week of 20-May-2013, BA has 20% of seats in the UK, while Lufthansa has 38% in Germany (43% with Germanwings) and Air France has 36% in France. Fellow IAG carrier Iberia has only 13% in Spain (25% with Vueling).

Top 10 Airlines by seats in UK, Germany, France and Spain: 20-May-2013 to 26-May-2013

UK			Germany		France		Spain
		Share of seats		Share of seats		Share of seats		Share of seats
1	British Airways	20%	Lufthansa	38%	Air France	36%	Ryanair*	21%
2	easyJet	17%	airberlin	13%	easyJet*	10%	Iberia	13%
3	Ryanair*	16%	Ryanair*	5%	Ryanair*	7%	Vueling	12%
4	Flybe	5%	Germanwings	5%	Lufthansa*	3%	easyJet*	8%
5	Monarch	4%	Condor	3%	Airlinair	3%	airberlin*	7%
6	Virgin Atlantic	3%	easyJet*	3%	Vueling *	3%	Air Europa	5%
7	Jet2.com	3%	TUIfly	2%	British Airways*	2%	Monarch*	3%
8	Lufthansa*	3%	Turkish Airlines*	2%	Aigle Azur	2%	Lufthansa*	3%
9	Aer Lingus*	2%	Air France*	2%	Transavia France	2%	Jet2.com*	2%
10	KLM*	2%	British Airways*	1%	Air Algerie*	2%	Condor*	2%
	Others	25%	Others	23%	Others	20%	Others	19%

BA is the most intercontinental-focused of the big European flag carriers

BA is the most international of the big flag carriers, which means its network is the least domestic-focused. For BA, the domestic market accounts for just 16% of seats, while this figure is 21% for Lufthansa and 33% for Air France. For Iberia, it is 49%, even after some years of domestic capacity cuts, underlining the threat it faces in Spain, the most competitive of markets.

BA also has the lowest proportion of its traffic on domestic/European routes among the four large flag carriers, with 64% of seats within the continent of Europe, compared with 80% for Lufthansa, 71% for Air France and 78% for Iberia. Again, this reflects the decline in BA's short/medium-haul activities and also the strength of London Heathrow as an O&D market requiring less feed than rival hubs such as Frankfurt. Lufthansa's seat capacity is not particularly domestic-focused, but it is very Europe-focused. This reflects the much weaker status of Frankfurt as an O&D market, with the result that Lufthansa has to gather traffic from across Europe in order to sustain its long-haul network.

British Airways, Lufthansa, Air France, Iberia seat capacity by region: 20-May-2013 to 26-May-2013

Highly dependent on North America

Almost half of BA's intercontinental seat capacity is to North America, making it much more exposed to a single market than either of Lufthansa or Air France. It has a lower proportion of its seats in Asia than the other two and a higher proportion in the Middle East. Perhaps these two factors, plus BA's lower dependence on transfer traffic, help to explain why it has tended to sound more relaxed about Gulf carrier competition than Lufthansa or Air France. Air France has the most diversified intercontinental network of the three, with a similar proportion of seats on North America, Latin America, Asia and Africa.

BA's focus on North America, together with the strong London market and capacity constraints at Heathrow, have helped to give it a profitable and defendable niche. However, this has also made it vulnerable to any weakness in the trans-Atlantic, a situation that has been helped by recent capacity constraint and the immunised alliances in this market. The merger with Iberia added strength in Latin America, but IAG still has a relatively low proportion of seats in Asia.

BA, Lufthansa, Air France, Iberia intercontinental seat capacity by region: 20-May-2013 to 26-May-2013

BA is a one-hub airline

BA is highly dependent on its Heathrow hub, with Gatwick taking less than one sixth of the number of BA seats at the main hub. The decline in short/medium-haul traffic through the 2000s, referred to above, was accompanied by a refocusing of most of BA's hub traffic on Heathrow and a reduction in BA's Gatwick operations to focus on point-to-point routes.

The dependence on Heathrow is much greater than either Lufthansa or Air France have at their main hubs. While BA has six times the number of seats at Heathrow as at Gatwick, Air France has less than three times the number of seats at its CDG hub compared with Orly and, for Lufthansa, the ratio between Frankfurt and Munich is around one and a half times.

British Airways top 10 hubs/bases/stations by seats: 20-May-2013 to 26-May-2013

BA has steadily grown its share of slots at London Heathrow by buying slots on the market where possible. Its share moved from the high 30% region to the low 40% region through the first decade of the century and jumped to 51% in the summer 2013 schedule as a result of its acquisition of bmi. With Iberia and oneworld partner American Airlines, its share is 55%.

Heathrow share of slots by carrier (%): summer schedule 2013

British Airways share of Heathrow slots (%): summer schedule 2001 to 2013

BA's decline at Gatwick

At Gatwick the trend has been the opposite. BA's slot holding has fallen from 32% in summer 2003 to 16% in summer 2013. At the same time, easyJet's share has grown from just under 7% to 41%.

Flybe is in discussions that may lead to its selling its Gatwick slots, of which it owns 6%. Ryanair is known to have expressed interest in bidding for them and it seems reasonable to assume that easyJet will also be interested in extending its leading position. Norwegian Air Shuttle has recently established a new base at Gatwick and so might also be expected to make a bid. All of these LCCs would further increase the competition for BA at Gatwick if they were to acquire the Flybe slots. BA may be tempted to reverse its declining trend at the airport and to bid in order to resist this competition, although it is not clear what use it would make of them if successful.

Gatwick share of slots by carrier (%): summer schedule 2013

British Airways share of Gatwick slots (%): summer schedule 2001 to 2013

IAG puts its faith in BA and orders new long-haul aircraft

British Airways fleet at end 2012 and projected 2015

Aircraft	2012	2015	Orders	Options
B747-400	52	43*	0	0
B767-300	14	7*	0	0
B777-200	46	46	0	0
B777-300	6	12	6	0
B787	0	12	42	10
A350-1000	0	0	18	18
A380	0	9	12	7
A318	2	2	0	0
Total long-haul	120	131	78	35
A319	44	44	0	0
A320	48	58	10	31
A321	18	18	0	0
B737-400	19	5	0	0
B767-300	7	0	0	0
Embraer170	6	6	0	0
Embraer190	8	15	0	15
Total short-haul	150	146	10	46
Total fleet	270	277	88	81

On 22-Apr-2013, IAG announced a firm order for 18 Airbus A350-1000 aircraft, plus a further 18 options. This came soon after the announced conversion of 18 Boeing 787 options into firm orders. IAG said that these 36 aircraft would be used to replace 30 747-400 between 2017 and 2023, while the additional 18 options could be used to replace further aircraft or for growth. BA had 52 747s at the end of 2012 and expects to reduce this to 43 by 2015. It will adjust their rate of replacement depending on market conditions and growth opportunities.

It seems likely that these orders will lead to a surge in BA's annual capex levels close to, or exceeding GBP1 billion after many years of restraint keeping annual spend in the GBP500 million region. That IAG is showing sufficient faith in BA to allocate it the funds necessary to receive these aircraft is in stark contrast to the position adopted with respect to Iberia. Although IAG has secured commercial terms and delivery slots with both Airbus and Boeing for the Spanish carrier, it says that, "firm orders will only be made when Iberia is in a position to grow profitably, having restructured and reduced its cost base."

CAPA has postulated a possible delivery schedule for all aircraft to be added to BA's fleet after the 787 order was announced and now update this below to include the A350s.

British Airways possible delivery schedule based on current firm orders

BA's track record of profits is better than Iberia's, but still not consistent

BA's 2012 operating profit of GBP274 million contrasted with Iberia's operating loss of EUR351 million, but was a fall of GBP244 million compared with 2011. Reconstructing BA's operating results on a calendar year basis for the years before the creation of IAG (BA used to have a March year end) shows that BA made a healthy 8.4% margin in 2007 at the pre-recession peak, but had tumbled to a GBP395 million operating loss by 2009, since when its profits have been up and down.

British Airways operating profit and operating margin: 2007 to 2012

RASK trend positive but not always reliable; CASK also rising

The chart below shows the development of BA's unit revenues (revenue per available seat kilometre, RASK) and unit costs (cost per available seat kilometre, CASK) since 2007. Cautious capacity growth has helped BA to increase RASK by around 20% over the period, although it is susceptible to changes in market conditions: RASK collapsed in 2009, when the recession hit hardest, and BA fell into loss.

Ex fuel CASK fell only once in the past five years (2011) and has increased by 5% since 2009, since when fuel price increases have pushed total CASK up by 13%. BA's return to profitability since 2009's losses has been driven by RASK recovering by 22%, faster than the increase in CASK. However, in 2012, CASK was up by 6% and CASK only 3%, leading to a fall in profits for BA.

British Airways index of revenues per ASK and costs per ASK (indexed to 2009 = 100): 2007 to 2012

Placing BA on a chart of unit costs (CASK) versus average sector length shows it to be on the wrong side of the divide between the big legacy flag carrier groups and the more efficient full service carriers (and much higher-cost than the LCCs). While its CASK is lower than that of the other big legacy groups, this is to be expected given a longer average sector length.

Its intercontinental traffic focus means that it competes less on a head-to-head basis with the LCCs than do the other big European flag carriers. Nevertheless, any suggestion that BA has done all the necessary restructuring while Iberia needs all the remedial management care is not supported by this chart.

IAG should not forget that it has more than one offspring in need of parental care and guidance. This one has the better prospects, but still needs nurturing.

Unit costs (cost per available seat kilometre, EUR cent) and average sector length for selected European legacy and low-cost carriers: 2012*

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